![]() Thus, regulation of scaffold protein localization to chromosomes is essential for construction of the chromosome scaffold. The correct assembly of scaffold proteins therefore provides the foundation for proper formation of the chromosome scaffold and chromosome morphology. Recently, double-stranded scaffold structure was observed in the metaphase chromosome by 3D-SIM and depletion of either scaffold protein caused defects in the scaffold structure. Consequently, condensin I is loaded to the chromosome after nuclear envelop breakdown. Condensin I is another major scaffold protein that is located primarily in the cytoplasm during G 1, S and G 2 stages. In addition, several reports suggest that KIF4 also contributes to the higher order structure of chromatin and condensation of chromosome. It is previously shown that KIF4 involves in cytokinesis by functioning at midzone during cell division. Condensin II also localizes to chromosome axes during the early prophase and may play a primary role in the formation of the chromosome scaffold. Topo IIα localizes at chromosome axial positions during prophase, suggesting Topo IIα plays a functional role in guiding chromosome scaffold construction and chromosome condensation. Condensin II, topoisomerase Iiα (Topo IIα) and kinesin family member 4 (KIF4) interact with chromatin during interphase and form the chromosome scaffold during mitosis. Although the chromosome scaffold is first visualized during the initial period of the middle-late prophase and becomes more distinct during the prometaphase to metaphase, some scaffold proteins have been found to localize to chromatin prior to the initiation of chromosome condensation or during interphase. Initiation of mitosis leads the chromatin condensation and the chromatin remains compact until the end of mitosis. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by funding from The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ( ) KAKENHI Grants A25252064 to K.F, and JP16H06212 and JP25840073 to H.T.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.ĭNA with histone proteins, known as chromatin, remains relaxed during the G 1-G 2 stages of the cell cycle. Received: NovemAccepted: AugPublished: August 17, 2017Ĭopyright: © 2017 Poonperm et al. PLoS ONE 12(8):Įditor: Claude Prigent, Institut de Genetique et Developpement de Rennes, FRANCE Thus, the interdependency between KIF4 and condensin I, and their phosphorylation states play important roles in chromosome scaffold organization during mitosis.Ĭitation: Poonperm R, Takata H, Uchiyama S, Fukui K (2017) Interdependency and phosphorylation of KIF4 and condensin I are essential for organization of chromosome scaffold. Aurora B activity facilitates the targeting of KIF4 and condensin I to the chromosome, whereas Plk1 activity promotes the dissociation of these proteins from the chromosome. Moreover, phosphorylation of KIF4 and condensin I by Aurora B and polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is important for KIF4 and condensin I localization to the chromosome. Here, we demonstrate a close relationship between the chromosome localization of KIF4 and condensin I, but not condensin II, and show that KIF4 and condensin I assist each other for stable scaffold formation by forming a stable complex. ![]() However, the mechanism of how KIF4 and condensins localize to the chromosome scaffold is poorly understood. Kinesin family member 4 (KIF4) and condensins I and II are essential chromosomal proteins for chromosome organization by locating primarily to the chromosome scaffold. ![]()
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